[文法]英文法全貌的概略認識
英文法全貌的概略認識
*認識英文法要由單字的詞類著手。 (詞類：字詞的性質分類)
英文單字大概可分成以下八種詞類：
1. 名詞 (n.)：代表「物體、地方的名稱」的字。如：bottle, country, pen,
clerk, chair, Taipei, John, favor, energy, ...
Languages develop and a good dictionary must show these changes.
2. 代名詞 (pron.)：代替「名詞」的字。如：I, you, he, it, this, that,
these, those, some, any, one, two, everyone, ...
I saw someone watching these in the park.
3. 形容詞 (adj.)：用來形容「名詞」的字。如：good, fat, short, blue,
new, happy, large, popular, many, some, one, every, this, these, ...
My new skirt is beautiful.
註：冠詞 (the, a, an) 和 所有格 (my, your, his, John's, ...) 也常常放
在名詞前，用來形容該名詞，所以也可算是形容詞。
4. 動詞 (v.)：用來表示「動作或狀態」的字。如：am, is, are, go, come,
write, run, open, join, breathe, create, save, affect, waste, ...
They saw many interesting places, and did many exciting things.
5. 副詞 (adv.)：用來修飾「動詞、形容詞或其它副詞，甚至整個句子」的字。
如：very, how, usually, yesterday, however, certainly, ...
Sometimes Jack and Rick go traveling together.
6. 介系詞 (prep.)：放在「名詞」前，用來表示「該名詞和其它字的關係」的
字。如：on, in, to, before, after, by, ...
On their way back to Taipei, they visited Rick in Suao.
7. 連接詞 (conj.)：用來連接「單字、片語或子句」的字。如：and, but, or,
because, so, although, when, until, before, after, if, ...
The stationery store have twenty or thirty different kinds of pens
Store are larger now and they sell hundreds of products.
Some shoppers get excited when they have a lot of choices.
8. 感嘆詞 (int.)：用來表示「強烈感情的叫喊」的字。如：Oh!, Hello!, My
God!, Shit!, Damn!, Jesus (Christ)!, Ouch!, ...
練習： menu besides laugh tree soon with rich complain today
____ _____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
we hit between important almost angry from trash suddenly
___ ___ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
八大詞類的分類和用途
1. 名詞 (n.)
種類：(1). 可數名詞
Œ 普通名詞: letter, hole, sign, flashlight, bike
集合名詞: family, people, class, police
(2). 不可數名詞
Œ 專有名詞: Mary, Michael, Taipei, China, Atlanta
物質名詞: food, rice, water, stone, sand
Ž 抽象名詞: news, English, music, fun, time
用途
a. 做動詞的「主詞」或「受詞」。
My classmates are all very smart. (classmates是 _____)
A good dictionary must show these changes.
(dictionary是 _____，changes是 _____)
1. 主詞：「一個句子的主題」或「做該動詞的動作者」
2. 受詞：「承受該動詞的動作者」
b. 放在 be動詞 後，做「主詞補語」。
Latin is an example of such a language.
註：「主詞補語」：補充說明主詞的字
c. 做介系詞的「受詞」。
Mary is talking to Sue
These slang words are understood by most people.
2. 代名詞 (pron.)
種類：(1). 人稱代名詞
Œ 人稱代名詞: I, me, you, he, she, it, him, her, ...
所有代名詞: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, ...
Ž 反身代名詞: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ...
(2). 指示代名詞: this, that, these, those, same, such, so
(3). 不定代名詞: one, some, any, each, both, all, either, ...
(4). 疑問代名詞: who, whom, what, which
(5). 關係代名詞: who, whom, which, that, what
用途：
「代名詞」的功能是代替先前已提到過的「名詞」，所以也算是「名詞」的一種。 用法和「名詞」相同。
They are not slang anymore. <-- they 是 _______
John likes this, but he doesn't like that.
<-- this_____，he_____，that____
Others take a train that has no wheels. <-- other 是_____，that是______
What might a customer order? <-- what 是 ___________
3. 形容詞 (adj.)
種類：(1). 代名形容詞(因後面名詞仍在，未省略，因此未能演進成代名詞)
Œ 所有形容詞: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
指示形容詞: this, that, these, those, same, such, so, ...
Ž 不定形容詞: some, any, each, both, all, either, ...
疑問形容詞: whose, what, which
關係形容詞: whose, what, which
(2). 數量形容詞: one, two, first, second, some, many, much, ...
(3). 性狀形容詞: new, large, honest, delicious, convenient, ...
(4). 冠詞: a, an, the
用途：
a. 放在「名詞」前，形容該名詞。
There are too many similar products.
There are even a few shoppers who cannot make any decision at all.
b. 放在 be動詞 後，做「主詞補語」。
Those flowers are beautiful.
It is hot in summer.
註：背單字時，若單字的中文意思是「... 的」，則該單字一定是 adj.
同時，背到一 adj.時，中文解釋中的「的」也要一起背起來，才能加深印象。
如： happy 快樂 (Ｘ)
happy 快樂的 (Ｏ)
4. 動詞 (v.)
種類：(1). 依用法分：
Œ be 動詞(be, is, am, are, was, were)
一般動詞(come, go, eat, grow, wear, forget, ...)
Ž 助動詞(do, does, can, may, will, should, ...)
(2). 依「需不需要受詞」分：
Œ 及物動詞(like, need, open, find, ask, ... )
不及物動詞(run, walk, come, talk, ...)
用途：
每個英文動詞都有四種形態，用來表示該動作發生的「______和_____」。
原式 V. ---> 過去式 Ved ---> * 過去分詞 p.p. ---> 現在分詞 Ving
如： work ---> worked ---> worked ---> working 規則變化
play ---> _______ ---> _________ ---> _______
eat ---> ate ---> eaten ---> eating 不規則變化
bite ---> _______ ---> _________ ---> _______
一個動詞的四種形態，各用在以下不同的使用時機：
A. 英文的動詞要能表示「該動作發生的時間」。分三種時式：
（以下以「簡單狀態」為例）
現在式 V(-s, -es) : I __________ lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。
過去式 Ved : I __________ lunch yesterday. 我昨天有吃午餐。
未來式 will V : I __________ lunch tomorrow. 我明天將會吃午餐。
B. 英文的動詞還要表示「該動作發生的狀態」。可分四種狀態：
（以下以「現在式」 為例）
簡單式 V(-s, -es) : I _______ lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。
進行式 be Ving : I _________ lunch. 我正在吃午餐。
完成式 have p.p. : I _______________ lunch. 我已經吃了午餐。
完成進行式 have been Ving : I ________________ lunch 我已經吃了兩小時了
for two hours. （現在還在吃）。
註：英文有三種時式，而每一種時式又各有四種狀態，所以英文一共有___種時態。
5. 副詞 (adv.)
種類：(1). 時間副詞：now, today, tomorrow, before, soon, late, ...
(2). 地方副詞：here, there, home, downtown, overseas, up, down, ...
(3). 頻率副詞：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ...
(4). 情狀副詞：slowly, carefully, easily, hard, together, ...
(5). 程度副詞：too, very, quite, pretty, only, enough, almost, ...
(6). 肯定與否定副詞：certainly, surely, not, never, hardly, ...
(7). 疑問副詞：where, when, how, why
(8). 關係副詞：where, when, how, why
用法
a. 修飾動詞
We sure spent a lot of time buying clothes today.
b. 修飾形容詞
Judy and Sara are both very nice.
c. 修飾其它副詞
Every one got up very early.
d. 修飾整個句子
Then she cooked lunch.
註：背單字時，若單字的中文意思是「... 地」，則該單字一定是 adv.
同時，背到一 adv.時，若中文解釋中有「地」也要一起背起來，才能加深印象。
如： happily： 快樂(Ｘ) 快樂的(Ｘ) 快樂地(Ｏ)
6. 介系詞 (prep.)
種類：a. 表示「地方」的介系詞
(1) in, on, at
這三個介系詞有意義上的不同，可用在不同的地方。
She helped her mother ____ the kitchen.
He ate lunch ______ a restaurant near the zoo.
There is a book _____ the desk.
否則，原則上 in +「較大的地方」
at +「較小的地方」
Tom's brother lives _______ Taipei.
My mother is ______ home.
We are all ______ school.
He teaches ________ our school.
(2) 其它 (及固定用法)
He went ______ many places.
Tom studies ______ junior high school.
Tom's father works _______ the farm.
I sang _____ a children‘s TV program many years ago.
b. 表示「時間」的介系詞
(1) at + 幾點（幾分）
He ate breakfast _______ nine o'clock.
______ seven-thirty, we went to Youth Park by bus.
(2) on + 特定日期（星期幾、幾月幾日）（的早上、下午、晚上）
Sue plays ______ the park ______ Sunday.
Jane cooks dinner _______ Saturday evening.
(3) in + 上午、下午、晚上、週、月分、季節、年代
Mary was very busy ______ the morning.
How many days are there _____ a week?
It is cool ________ fall.
There are four seasons _____ a year.
(4) 其它
He usually comes home before dinner.
Fall comes after summer.
He didn‘t come home _________ twelve o’clock.
c. 其它意義的介系詞
The fourth season _______ the year is winter.
She talked ________ her sister.
He went to the zoo _________ bus.
They are talking __________ the days of the week.
I took his flashlight _________ asking him first.
May I go ______ you?
用途：介系詞和其後的名詞，構成一「介系詞片語」。整個片語當形容詞或副詞用。
7. 連接詞 (conj.)
種類：(1). 對等連接詞：and, but, or, ...
(2). 從屬連接詞：before, because, until, when, if, ...
用途：
a. 連接單字
John and Peter are classmates. (and 連接兩個_____)
He saw some lions and tigers. (and 連接兩個_____)
We talked and laughed on the bus. (and 連接兩個_____)
Youth Park is big and beautiful. (and 連接兩個_____)
b. 連接片語
My classmates and I were in the classroom. (and 連接兩個_____)
We sang many songs and played frisbee. (and 連接兩個_____)
c. 連接子句
This is a book, and that is a pen. (and 連接兩個_____)
We picked up the trash, but they didn't. (but 連接兩個_____)
People may make a lot of money if a company buys their invention.
(if 連接____________和_______________)
When Rick was younger, he often watched the boats returning to port.
(when 連接____________和_______________)
註：「對等連接詞」連接（單字、片語、子句）均可
「從屬連接詞」只用來連接當________用的子句)
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