[文法]英文法全貌的概略認識
英文法全貌的概略認識
*認識英文法要由單字的詞類著手。 (詞類:字詞的性質分類)
英文單字大概可分成以下八種詞類:
1. 名詞 (n.):代表「物體、地方的名稱」的字。如:bottle, country, pen,
clerk, chair, Taipei, John, favor, energy, ...
Languages develop and a good dictionary must show these changes.
2. 代名詞 (pron.):代替「名詞」的字。如:I, you, he, it, this, that,
these, those, some, any, one, two, everyone, ...
I saw someone watching these in the park.
3. 形容詞 (adj.):用來形容「名詞」的字。如:good, fat, short, blue,
new, happy, large, popular, many, some, one, every, this, these, ...
My new skirt is beautiful.
註:冠詞 (the, a, an) 和 所有格 (my, your, his, John's, ...) 也常常放
在名詞前,用來形容該名詞,所以也可算是形容詞。
4. 動詞 (v.):用來表示「動作或狀態」的字。如:am, is, are, go, come,
write, run, open, join, breathe, create, save, affect, waste, ...
They saw many interesting places, and did many exciting things.
5. 副詞 (adv.):用來修飾「動詞、形容詞或其它副詞,甚至整個句子」的字。
如:very, how, usually, yesterday, however, certainly, ...
Sometimes Jack and Rick go traveling together.
6. 介系詞 (prep.):放在「名詞」前,用來表示「該名詞和其它字的關係」的
字。如:on, in, to, before, after, by, ...
On their way back to Taipei, they visited Rick in Suao.
7. 連接詞 (conj.):用來連接「單字、片語或子句」的字。如:and, but, or,
because, so, although, when, until, before, after, if, ...
The stationery store have twenty or thirty different kinds of pens
Store are larger now and they sell hundreds of products.
Some shoppers get excited when they have a lot of choices.
8. 感嘆詞 (int.):用來表示「強烈感情的叫喊」的字。如:Oh!, Hello!, My
God!, Shit!, Damn!, Jesus (Christ)!, Ouch!, ...
練習: menu besides laugh tree soon with rich complain today
____ _____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
we hit between important almost angry from trash suddenly
___ ___ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
八大詞類的分類和用途
1. 名詞 (n.)
種類:(1). 可數名詞
Œ 普通名詞: letter, hole, sign, flashlight, bike
集合名詞: family, people, class, police
(2). 不可數名詞
Œ 專有名詞: Mary, Michael, Taipei, China, Atlanta
物質名詞: food, rice, water, stone, sand
Ž 抽象名詞: news, English, music, fun, time
用途
a. 做動詞的「主詞」或「受詞」。
My classmates are all very smart. (classmates是 _____)
A good dictionary must show these changes.
(dictionary是 _____,changes是 _____)
1. 主詞:「一個句子的主題」或「做該動詞的動作者」
2. 受詞:「承受該動詞的動作者」
b. 放在 be動詞 後,做「主詞補語」。
Latin is an example of such a language.
註:「主詞補語」:補充說明主詞的字
c. 做介系詞的「受詞」。
Mary is talking to Sue
These slang words are understood by most people.
2. 代名詞 (pron.)
種類:(1). 人稱代名詞
Œ 人稱代名詞: I, me, you, he, she, it, him, her, ...
所有代名詞: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, ...
Ž 反身代名詞: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ...
(2). 指示代名詞: this, that, these, those, same, such, so
(3). 不定代名詞: one, some, any, each, both, all, either, ...
(4). 疑問代名詞: who, whom, what, which
(5). 關係代名詞: who, whom, which, that, what
用途:
「代名詞」的功能是代替先前已提到過的「名詞」,所以也算是「名詞」的一種。 用法和「名詞」相同。
They are not slang anymore. <-- they 是 _______
John likes this, but he doesn't like that.
<-- this_____,he_____,that____
Others take a train that has no wheels. <-- other 是_____,that是______
What might a customer order? <-- what 是 ___________
3. 形容詞 (adj.)
種類:(1). 代名形容詞(因後面名詞仍在,未省略,因此未能演進成代名詞)
Œ 所有形容詞: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
指示形容詞: this, that, these, those, same, such, so, ...
Ž 不定形容詞: some, any, each, both, all, either, ...
疑問形容詞: whose, what, which
關係形容詞: whose, what, which
(2). 數量形容詞: one, two, first, second, some, many, much, ...
(3). 性狀形容詞: new, large, honest, delicious, convenient, ...
(4). 冠詞: a, an, the
用途:
a. 放在「名詞」前,形容該名詞。
There are too many similar products.
There are even a few shoppers who cannot make any decision at all.
b. 放在 be動詞 後,做「主詞補語」。
Those flowers are beautiful.
It is hot in summer.
註:背單字時,若單字的中文意思是「... 的」,則該單字一定是 adj.
同時,背到一 adj.時,中文解釋中的「的」也要一起背起來,才能加深印象。
如: happy 快樂 (X)
happy 快樂的 (O)
4. 動詞 (v.)
種類:(1). 依用法分:
Œ be 動詞(be, is, am, are, was, were)
一般動詞(come, go, eat, grow, wear, forget, ...)
Ž 助動詞(do, does, can, may, will, should, ...)
(2). 依「需不需要受詞」分:
Œ 及物動詞(like, need, open, find, ask, ... )
不及物動詞(run, walk, come, talk, ...)
用途:
每個英文動詞都有四種形態,用來表示該動作發生的「______和_____」。
原式 V. ---> 過去式 Ved ---> * 過去分詞 p.p. ---> 現在分詞 Ving
如: work ---> worked ---> worked ---> working 規則變化
play ---> _______ ---> _________ ---> _______
eat ---> ate ---> eaten ---> eating 不規則變化
bite ---> _______ ---> _________ ---> _______
一個動詞的四種形態,各用在以下不同的使用時機:
A. 英文的動詞要能表示「該動作發生的時間」。分三種時式:
(以下以「簡單狀態」為例)
現在式 V(-s, -es) : I __________ lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。
過去式 Ved : I __________ lunch yesterday. 我昨天有吃午餐。
未來式 will V : I __________ lunch tomorrow. 我明天將會吃午餐。
B. 英文的動詞還要表示「該動作發生的狀態」。可分四種狀態:
(以下以「現在式」 為例)
簡單式 V(-s, -es) : I _______ lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。
進行式 be Ving : I _________ lunch. 我正在吃午餐。
完成式 have p.p. : I _______________ lunch. 我已經吃了午餐。
完成進行式 have been Ving : I ________________ lunch 我已經吃了兩小時了
for two hours. (現在還在吃)。
註:英文有三種時式,而每一種時式又各有四種狀態,所以英文一共有___種時態。
5. 副詞 (adv.)
種類:(1). 時間副詞:now, today, tomorrow, before, soon, late, ...
(2). 地方副詞:here, there, home, downtown, overseas, up, down, ...
(3). 頻率副詞:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ...
(4). 情狀副詞:slowly, carefully, easily, hard, together, ...
(5). 程度副詞:too, very, quite, pretty, only, enough, almost, ...
(6). 肯定與否定副詞:certainly, surely, not, never, hardly, ...
(7). 疑問副詞:where, when, how, why
(8). 關係副詞:where, when, how, why
用法
a. 修飾動詞
We sure spent a lot of time buying clothes today.
b. 修飾形容詞
Judy and Sara are both very nice.
c. 修飾其它副詞
Every one got up very early.
d. 修飾整個句子
Then she cooked lunch.
註:背單字時,若單字的中文意思是「... 地」,則該單字一定是 adv.
同時,背到一 adv.時,若中文解釋中有「地」也要一起背起來,才能加深印象。
如: happily: 快樂(X) 快樂的(X) 快樂地(O)
6. 介系詞 (prep.)
種類:a. 表示「地方」的介系詞
(1) in, on, at
這三個介系詞有意義上的不同,可用在不同的地方。
She helped her mother ____ the kitchen.
He ate lunch ______ a restaurant near the zoo.
There is a book _____ the desk.
否則,原則上 in +「較大的地方」
at +「較小的地方」
Tom's brother lives _______ Taipei.
My mother is ______ home.
We are all ______ school.
He teaches ________ our school.
(2) 其它 (及固定用法)
He went ______ many places.
Tom studies ______ junior high school.
Tom's father works _______ the farm.
I sang _____ a children‘s TV program many years ago.
b. 表示「時間」的介系詞
(1) at + 幾點(幾分)
He ate breakfast _______ nine o'clock.
______ seven-thirty, we went to Youth Park by bus.
(2) on + 特定日期(星期幾、幾月幾日)(的早上、下午、晚上)
Sue plays ______ the park ______ Sunday.
Jane cooks dinner _______ Saturday evening.
(3) in + 上午、下午、晚上、週、月分、季節、年代
Mary was very busy ______ the morning.
How many days are there _____ a week?
It is cool ________ fall.
There are four seasons _____ a year.
(4) 其它
He usually comes home before dinner.
Fall comes after summer.
He didn‘t come home _________ twelve o’clock.
c. 其它意義的介系詞
The fourth season _______ the year is winter.
She talked ________ her sister.
He went to the zoo _________ bus.
They are talking __________ the days of the week.
I took his flashlight _________ asking him first.
May I go ______ you?
用途:介系詞和其後的名詞,構成一「介系詞片語」。整個片語當形容詞或副詞用。
7. 連接詞 (conj.)
種類:(1). 對等連接詞:and, but, or, ...
(2). 從屬連接詞:before, because, until, when, if, ...
用途:
a. 連接單字
John and Peter are classmates. (and 連接兩個_____)
He saw some lions and tigers. (and 連接兩個_____)
We talked and laughed on the bus. (and 連接兩個_____)
Youth Park is big and beautiful. (and 連接兩個_____)
b. 連接片語
My classmates and I were in the classroom. (and 連接兩個_____)
We sang many songs and played frisbee. (and 連接兩個_____)
c. 連接子句
This is a book, and that is a pen. (and 連接兩個_____)
We picked up the trash, but they didn't. (but 連接兩個_____)
People may make a lot of money if a company buys their invention.
(if 連接____________和_______________)
When Rick was younger, he often watched the boats returning to port.
(when 連接____________和_______________)
註:「對等連接詞」連接(單字、片語、子句)均可
「從屬連接詞」只用來連接當________用的子句)
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